Analysis of Lead-Free Pervoskite Solar Cell Materials for High-Efficiency Photovoltaic Under Climatic Change

Abstract

The rapid advancement of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has positioned them as promising candidates for next-generation photovoltaic technologies due to their high power conversion efficiency (PCE), low fabrication cost, and tunable optoelectronic properties. However, conventional perovskite absorbers contain lead (Pb), raising environmental and health concerns that limit large-scale deployment, particularly in countries such as India where high solar irradiance and expanding renewable energy infrastructure create strong demand for sustainable photovoltaic solutions. Lead-free perovskite materials based on tin (Sn), bismuth (Bi), antimony (Sb), titanium (Ti), and double perovskite structures have emerged as viable alternatives. This research paper presents a comprehensive analysis of lead-free perovskite materials, focusing on their structural characteristics, photovoltaic performance, stability challenges, and suitability under Indian climatic conditions characterized by high temperature (40–50°C), high humidity during monsoons, and significant dust accumulation. The study evaluates material engineering strategies, interface optimization, additive incorporation, and encapsulation techniques developed up to 2024. Results indicate that tin-based perovskites currently demonstrate the highest efficiencies among lead-free systems, whereas double perovskites offer superior environmental stability. The paper concludes with recommendations for climate-adapted device engineering, field testing in Indian conditions, and future research directions for scalable and sustainable photovoltaic deployment.