Green Synthesis of Organic Compounds Using Eco-Friendly Catalysts

Abstract

Green synthesis of organic compounds aims to reduce environmental impact by employing catalysis strategies that minimize hazardous reagents, waste, and energy consumption while maximizing selectivity and atom economy. Eco-friendly catalysts — including biocatalysts (enzymes), biomass-derived heterogeneous catalysts, plant-mediated nanocatalysts, metal-organic frameworks, and benign solvent-supported catalytic systems such as deep eutectic solvents — enable a wide range of sustainable transformations (oxidations, reductions, C–C bond forming reactions, and multicomponent condensations) with improved green metrics. This paper reviews a multidisciplinary approach to green catalytic routes, reports a set of representative laboratory experiments comparing eco-friendly catalyst classes across model reactions, and discusses reaction performance, recyclability, and life-cycle considerations to guide practical selection of catalysts for sustainable organic synthesis.