Metal-Based Drugs: Mechanisms of Action and Anticancer Activity of Platinum and Ruthenium Complexes

Abstract

Metal-based drugs, particularly those involving platinum and ruthenium complexes, have gained significant attention as pivotal agents in cancer chemotherapy due to their distinctive chemical properties and therapeutic potential. Platinum-based drugs, such as cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin, have long been established as cornerstone treatments for various malignancies, including testicular, ovarian, and lung cancers, by inducing apoptosis through DNA cross-linking and disruption of replication processes. However, issues like drug resistance, nephrotoxicity, and limited selectivity have motivated the exploration of alternative transition metal-based therapeutics. In this context, ruthenium complexes have emerged as promising next-generation candidates owing to their adjustable oxidation states, ligand exchange kinetics, and ability to target tumors selectively through transferrin-mediated uptake. These complexes not only demonstrate potent cytotoxic effects but also exhibit lower systemic toxicity and potential activity against cisplatin-resistant cancer cells. This paper comprehensively reviews the mechanisms of action, pharmacological profiles, structure–activity relationships, and biological interactions of both platinum and ruthenium complexes, emphasizing their synergistic roles, current clinical applications, and existing challenges in advancing metal-based cancer therapy.